Objective:
Explore the role of stablecoins in reducing market volatility and their broader economic implications.

Outcome:
Understand how stablecoins function, their types, and their impact on crypto markets and traditional finance.


Introduction

Recap of Lesson 16: Tokenomics

In the previous lesson, we broke down the fundamentals of tokenomics, exploring how supply, utility, and incentives shape the success of cryptocurrency projects. You learned how to evaluate token designs for sustainability and long-term value. Building on this understanding, we now turn to stablecoins—crypto assets designed to minimise volatility and serve as a bridge between traditional finance and the decentralised world.

What We’ll Cover

This lesson will examine the mechanics of stablecoins, their types, and how they influence market stability. We’ll also discuss their significance in fostering trust and utility within the crypto ecosystem.


What Are Stablecoins?

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable value, typically pegged to a fiat currency like the US Dollar or other assets like gold. They aim to mitigate the extreme price volatility often associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ($BTC) or Ethereum ($ETH).

Why Stablecoins Matter: In a market where sudden price swings are common, stablecoins provide a reliable medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. This stability fosters adoption by businesses and consumers alike, enabling smoother transactions and cross-border payments.

Example:
Tether ($USDT) is one of the most widely used stablecoins, pegged 1:1 to the US Dollar. It allows traders to exit volatile positions quickly without converting to fiat.


Types of Stablecoins

1. Fiat-Collateralised Stablecoins

These stablecoins are backed by fiat reserves, held in banks or other custodians, to maintain their value.

Example: $USDC (USD Coin) is backed by fully audited dollar reserves, offering transparency and trust for its users.

Breaking It Down: Imagine you deposit £1,000 in a savings account and receive a digital token representing that value. This token remains stable because it’s tied to real-world reserves.

2. Crypto-Collateralised Stablecoins

These stablecoins are backed by other cryptocurrencies as collateral. To manage volatility, they are often over-collateralised.

Example: MakerDAO’s $DAI is collateralised by Ethereum ($ETH) and other crypto assets. Users lock up more value than the issued stablecoins to account for price fluctuations.

Breaking It Down: Think of it as a home mortgage where the collateral value exceeds the loan amount, ensuring the lender is covered in case of market downturns.

3. Algorithmic Stablecoins

Algorithmic stablecoins use smart contracts to manage supply and demand, maintaining their peg without backing from traditional assets.

Example: Terra’s $UST aimed to maintain its peg through an algorithm tied to $LUNA. However, the collapse of the Terra ecosystem highlighted the risks of poorly designed mechanisms.

Breaking It Down: Imagine a shopkeeper adjusting prices dynamically based on demand to keep profits consistent. While innovative, such systems are complex and prone to failure without robust safeguards.

a book with a diagram on it
Photo by Андрей Сизов / Unsplash

The Role of Stablecoins in Market Stability

1. Reducing Volatility

Stablecoins allow traders to hedge against market swings, offering a safe haven during periods of high volatility.

Example: During Bitcoin’s 2021 price correction, many investors shifted funds into $USDT to preserve value, demonstrating the utility of stablecoins in turbulent markets.

2. Enabling DeFi Growth

Stablecoins power DeFi protocols by acting as a reliable medium for lending, borrowing, and yield farming.

Example: Aave and Compound use $USDC and $DAI extensively in their ecosystems, enabling users to earn stable yields or access liquidity without worrying about price fluctuations.

3. Cross-Border Transactions

Stablecoins facilitate fast, low-cost cross-border payments, bypassing traditional banking systems.

Example: A freelancer in the UK can receive payment in $USDC from a client in the US within minutes, avoiding high fees and long processing times.

person holding black android smartphone
Photo by Kanchanara / Unsplash

Risks and Challenges of Stablecoins

1. Centralisation Risks

Fiat-collateralised stablecoins depend on centralised entities, introducing counterparty risk and reliance on trust.

2. Regulatory Scrutiny

Governments are increasingly monitoring stablecoins due to concerns over financial stability and money laundering.

3. Algorithmic Stability Risks

As seen in Terra’s collapse, algorithmic stablecoins face significant challenges in maintaining their peg during market stress.


Conclusion

Stablecoins are a cornerstone of the crypto ecosystem, bridging the gap between volatile cryptocurrencies and traditional finance. By providing stability, they enable broader adoption and utility, particularly in DeFi and global payments. In the next lesson, we’ll explore booms, busts, and bubbles in the crypto market, helping you identify speculative cycles and navigate them effectively.


Module 4 Recap (to date)

In Module 4, we began with tokenomics, exploring the economic structures behind successful cryptocurrencies. Lesson 17 introduced stablecoins, detailing their types, roles, and challenges. Together, these lessons form a foundation for understanding advanced crypto applications, preparing you to analyse speculative cycles and emerging trends in the upcoming lessons.